8 age) was indeed randomized so you can daily calcium supplementation (step 1,200 milligrams) having few years. While you are no escalation in the risk having prostate cancer could have been advertised throughout an effective ten.step 3-year go after-right up, calcium supplements supplements lead to a significant chance reduction in that point spanning of two years shortly after therapy arrived at a couple of years after therapy concluded (150). Inside the a look at brand new literature composed in ’09, the usa Company getting Health care Lookup and you will Top quality revealed that maybe not most of the epidemiological training receive an association ranging from calcium intake and you will prostate cancers (151). The newest comment reported that six regarding 11 observational training were not successful to obtain mathematically extreme confident associations ranging from prostate cancers and you can calcium supplements intake. Yet ,, in four degree, every single day intakes out-of 921 in order to dos,100000 milligrams away from calcium had been discovered to be from the an improved danger of developing prostate malignant tumors when compared with consumption varying regarding 455 to one,one hundred thousand milligrams/date (151). Inconsistencies certainly one of education highly recommend cutting-edge affairs involving the exposure factors to own prostate malignant tumors, along with reflect the issues of assessing the result from calcium consumption during the 100 % free-life style somebody. Eg, the truth that people with higher whole milk and you can/or calcium supplements intakes had been discovered to be datingranking.net/fr/rencontres-droites/ very likely to feel involved with healthy lifestyles or maybe more planning search medical attention can decrease this new statistical significance of an association with prostate malignant tumors exposure (152).
Perform calcium improve the risk getting heart disease?
Numerous observational education and you can randomized regulated samples have increased inquiries from the possibility side effects out-of calcium towards aerobic exposure. The study of information on Kuopio Weakening of bones Chance Factor and you may Reduction (OSTPRE) possible research learned that users regarding calcium supplements around ten,555 Finnish females (years 52-62 decades) got an excellent 14% greater risk of creating coronary artery disease as compared to low-supplement pages during a hateful pursue-upwards out-of 6.75 ages (153). The prospective examination of 23,980 people (35-64 years old) of your Heidelberg cohort of your own European Prospective Studies on Cancer and you may Nutrition cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) noticed one supplemental calcium intake try absolutely in the chance out of myocardial infarction (coronary attack) although not on chance of coronary attack otherwise cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related death once a mean realize-right up off eleven decades (154). Yet, the aid of calcium supplements (?eight hundred milligrams/time versus. 0 mg/day) are associated with the an increased risk of CVD-related mortality during the 219,059 people, not inside 169,170 people, within the Federal Institute out of Fitness (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health studies and you will then followed to have a mean period off several age. CVD death into the males was also found to be significantly high which have total (losing weight plus supplemental) calcium supplements intakes of 1,500 mg/go out and you may over (155).
Until the relationships anywhere between calcium supplements and you can prostate cancer is actually made clear, it’s reasonable for males to consume a total of step one,000 to a single,200 milligrams/day of calcium (dieting and medicine mutual), that is demanded of the As well as Nutrition Panel of your own Institute out of Medicine (select RDA) (9)
In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study – in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).
